In this Topic, we need to cover the following

1. Important Days Related to Consumer Rights
2. Consumer Guidance Society of India (1966)
3. Consumer Protection Act (COPRA), 1986
4. Rights of Consumer
5. Different Levels of Consumer Protection Agencies
6. Consumer Court

TN 10th [New Book 2019-2020] Polity / Civics Bookback Questions with Answer Key Download

Here You Download the Tamil nadu 10th STD New Book (2019-2020) Book Back Questions with Answer Key. These Bookback question and answers are very helpful for your competitive exam preparation especially for exams conducted by TNPSC, TRB, TNUSRB, TN TET, and other Tamil Nadu state level recruitment. Download book back multiple choice questions, MCQs, One marks questions from our TNPSCGURU.In website.


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Click Here To Download the TN 10th Polity / Civics Bookback Questions with Answer Key

                             Major Committees and its head of the Constituent Assembly

Major Committee
Name of the committee	Head
Union Power Committee	Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee	Jawaharlal Nehru
States Committee (for negotiating)	Jawaharlal Nehru
Rules of Procedure Committee	Rajendra Prasad
Steering Committee	Rajendra Prasad
Provincial Constitution Committee	Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee onFundamental Rights, Minorities, tribal and Excluded Areas	Sardar Patel
Drafting Committee	B R Ambedkar

[TNPSC Indian Polity Study Materials] Fundamental Rights - Indian Polity Study Materials, Notes

Fundamental Rights

Rights guaranteed  by the constitution to all persons without any discrimination.

Magna carta of the constitution to promote the political democracy. 

They are justiciable in nature and hence protected by the constitution. 

Important Facts to Remember

1. Part III of the Constitution deals with the Fundamental rights
2. Articles : 12 to 35.
3. Part III is also called as the 'Magna Carta' of the Indian constitution.

[Indian Polity Study Materials] Schedule VIII - TNPSC Indian Polity Study Materials

Schedules 

Schedules to Indian constitution means some important lists that categorize the government activities.

Presently there are 12 Schedules in our India Constitution. 

Schedule VIII [Eighth Schedule] 

• It lists the languages recognized by the Indian Constitution.
• During the commencement of the constitution there were only 14 languages.
1. Assamese, 
2. Bengali, 
3. Gujarati, 
4. Hindi, 
5. Kannada, 
6. Kashmiri, 
7. Malayalam, 
8. Marathi, 
9. Oriya, 
10. Punjabi, 
11. Sanskrit, 
12. Tamil, 
13. Telugu and 
14. Urdu.
• Three amendments has been made which recognized 8 more languages.
• At Present there are 22 recognized languages in the Eighth Schedule.
• 3 Amendments
• 21st Amendment Act of 1967 - Sindhi
• 71st Amendment Act of 1992 - Konkani, Nepali and Manipuri
• 92nd Amendment Act of 2003 - Maithili, Santhali, Dongri and Bodo 
• English is not a recognized language in the Schedule VIII.
• REMEMBERING Tricks 
• 3 Amendments
• 21+71 = 92
• Languages
• Konkani, Nepali and Manipuri [KLMN  - Alphabet Series]
• Maithili, Santhali, Dongri and Bodo  [MSD Boys - Mahendra Singh Dhoni Boys]

Constitution

A Constitution is a set of fundamental principles or guidelines according to which the country is to be governed.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

[This Question will be mostly asked in written exams like Group 1&2 Mains so be thorough with atleast 5 to 8 Important Features of the Indian Constitution and make a short note on each topic]

1. Parliamentary Form of Government
2. Lengthiest Written Constitution
3. Synthesis of Rigidity and Flexibility
4. Single Citizenship
5. Fundamental Rights
6. DPSP
7. Fundamental Duties
8. Universal Adult Franchise
9. Emergency Provisions
10. Drawn from different Sources
11. Single Integrated Judiciary
12. Secular State.

Judiciary In India

The Indian constitution provides for an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court as the apex court and the High courts below it.

Supreme Court

The supreme court of India is the highest court of appeal in India.

Important Points to Remember.

1. The Supreme court of India was inaugurated on Jan 28, 1950.
2. Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the constitution deals with the Supreme court.
3. Composition 31 (30+1)
1. 1 - Chief Justice of India [List of Chief Justices of India till date]
2. 30 - Other Judges
4. Qualifications
1. Should be a citizen of India
2. should have been 
1. a judge of a High court for 5 years or
2. an advocate of a High Court for 10 years or
3. a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president
5. Minimum Age: Not prescribed in the constitution.
6. Tenure: Until 65 Years of Age.
7. Judges of the supreme court was appointed by the President.
8. Indian Constitution follows the 'procedure established by law'.
9. American Constitution follows the 'due process of law'.
10. Article 143: The power of the President to consult the Supreme Court
• The opinion rendered by the Supreme court is not binding on the President.

For More TNPSC Indian Polity Study Materials

Panchayati Raj

It is the rural local self government system which was given constitutional status by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. It aims to strengthen the democratic institutions as the grass-root levels.

Note: This topic 'Local Self Governmet / Panchayati Raj' is one of the most important topics for the competitive exams. So, kindly revise as many times you can.

We can read this topic under 3 sub topics

1. Evolution stages of Pachayati raj Act
2. Features of Pachayati Raj Act 1992.
3. What is PESA?

Evolution

Important Points to Remember

1. Lord Ripon is called as the father of Local self government.
2. Lord Ripon's Resolution of 1882 is regarded as the 'Magna Carta of Local Self Government in India'
3. After independence four important committees were formed to recommend measures for the betterment of local self government in India. They are as follows
1. Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
2. Ashok Mehta Committee
3. G V K Rao Committee
4. L M Singhvi Committee

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Citizenship

Citizenship is a status of a person being recognized as a member of a country and enjoys all civil and political rights of that country.

Important Facts to Remember

1. The President of India is the First Citizen of India.
2. The Part II of the Indian constitution deals with the Citizenship.
3. Part II includes Articles from 5 to 11.
4. The Article 5,6,7,8,9 came into force on November 26, 1949 (date of adoption of India Constitution)
5. The Citizenship Act was passed in the year 1955.
6. The Citizenship Act was amended 4 times till 2005. The years in which the Citizenship act was amended were as follows:-
1. 1986
2. 1992
3. 2003
4. 2005
7. The Citizenship Act, 1955 describes 5 ways of acquisition of Citizenship and 3 ways of lossing citizenship
8. 5 ways of acquisition of Citizenship
1. Citizenship by Birth
2. Citizenship by Descent
3. Citizenship by Registration
4. Citizenship by Naturalisation
5. Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory.
9. 3 Ways of Lossing Citizenship
1. Renunciation
2. Termination
3. Deprivation
10. Articles From 5 to 11 in Short [Courtesy: http://indiacode.nic.in/]
• Article 5: Domicle - Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
• Article 6: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
• Article 7: Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan who later resettled in India.
• Article 8: Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
• Article 9: Termination: Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
• Article 10: Continuance of the rights of citizenship. subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen.
• Article 11: Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

CAG - Comptroller and Auditor General of India is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. His prime duty is to scrutinize the financial transactions of the government thus ensuring the financial accountability of the executive.

Important Facts to remember 

1. CAG is appointed by the President
2. Tenure
• 6 Years or 65 Year of age
3. He can resign by writing to the President of India,
4. He can be removed from office on the same manner as the Judge of the supreme court.
5. From Article 148 to 151 in Part V (5) of the constitution deals with the various provisions for the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
6. Article 148 - Office of the CAG.
7. Article 149 - Parliament to Prescribe duties and powers of the CAG.
8. Article 150 - Form of accounts of the union and of the States
9. Article 151 - Audit reports.
10. Other Provisions
1. Article 279 - Calculation of Net proceeds.
2. Third Schedule - Oath of CAG
3. Sixth Schedule - Audit of accounts of the District and regional councils as mentioned in the Sixth schedule
11. Audit Board
• It was established in 1968 on the recommendations of the Administrative reforms committee.
• Composition: Chairman and 2 Members
• It is a part of the office of CAG to accommodate specialists and experts from outside. 
12. In 1976, CAG is relieved from the responsibility of maintenance of accounts of central government.

Emergency Provisions

The Emergency provisions in Indian constitution enables the central government to have more power to face any unforeseen situation effectively.

Aim:

To safeguard the sovereignty and to tackle the security threat to the country including financial crisis.

3 Types of Emergencies

1. National Emergency [Article 352]

• When the security of India or of any part of the territory is threatened, whether by war or external aggression (External Emergency) or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency), the president can declare national emergency.
• The president can proclaim the national emergency even before its actual occurrence if the President is satisfied that there is imminent danger.

 Courtesy: http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html
Important Facts to Remember

1. Emergency Provisions are included in the Part XVIII (18) of the constitution.
2. Articles - From 352 to 360.
3. There are 3 types of Emergency provisions
1. National Emergency [Article 352]
2. Presidents Rule [Article 356]
3. Financial Emergency [Article 360]

4. Emergency	National	President’s rule	Financial emergency
   Proclaimed by	The President	The President	The President
   Articles	352	356	360
   Other Terms	External Emergency, Internal Emergency, Armed rebellion	State Emergency, Constitutional emergency
   Judicial review	Under the purview of Judical Review  - This provision was added by 44th Constitutional amend act of 1978	Under the purview of Judical Review  - This provision was added by 44th Constitutional amend act of 1978	Under the purview of Judical Review  - This provision was added by 44th Constitutional amend act of 1978
   First Imposed in the Year	1962	1951 in Punjab	Not Yet imposed even for a single time
   Number of Times Imposed	3 Times 1.       1962 2.       1971 3.       1975	Many times in India In Tamil Nadu – 4 times 1.       1976 2.       1980 3.       1988 4.       1991	Zero times
   Time Period for Approval	1 Month	2 Months	2 Months
   Approved by both the houses by	Special Majority	Simple Majority	Simple Majority
   Revocation	1.       When Lok sabha passes a resolution by simple Majority or 2.       President of his own	Only by President	By President
   Maximum Period of Imposition	Indefinite – But needs parliament approval every 6 months	3 years - needs parliament approval every 6 months	Indefinite

For More TNPSC Indian Polity Study Materials

Lok Adalat

'Lok' in Hindi means 'People' and 'Adalat' means 'Court'. So, the Word Lok Adalat simply means People's Court.

Lok adalat is a forum where the cases pending in the courts or even in the prelitigation stage are settled in a friendly way. 

Important Facts to remember. 

1. First Lok adalat camp was organised in Gujarat on March 14,1982 .
2. Lok adalat was given statutory satus through the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Through this act the Lok adalat was introduced in India in 1987.
3. The First National Lok adalat was organized on  November 23, 2013 in which 71.5 Lakhs of cases has been disposed off successfully.
4. The Second National Lok adalat was organised on Dec 6, 2014 in which 1.25 Crore cases has been disposed off. 
5. The Third National Lok adalat was organised on Feb 14, 2016 in which 56000 cases has been disposed off.
6. The award given by the Lok adalat is final and cannot be appealed in any other court.
7. Advantages of Lok Adalat
1. Speedy Justice.
2. No court Fee.
3. Reduces Pending cases.

Lokpal

Lokpal is an anti-corruption authority that would deal with the complaints against the public officials in central government including the Prime Minister.

Lokayuktas

Lokayuktas is an anti-corruption authority that would deal with the complaints against the public officials in state government.

Ombudsman

• Ombudsman is a swedish term which means - a person who is authorised to act for someone else.
• In general it means, an official appointed to investigate complaints especially against the public officials.
• In India Ombudsman is referred as either Lokpal or Lokayukas. 

Important Facts to remember

1. The First country in the world to set up ombudsman institution is Sweden in 1809.
2. The First Commonwealth country in the world to set up ombudsman institution is New Zealand in 1967.
3. The Term Lokpal was coined by L M Singvi in 1963.
4. The Word 'Lok' means - People and 'Pala' means - protector.
5. The Administrative reforms commission (1966-70) headed by Morarji Desai recommended the institution of Lokpal and Lokayuktas.
6. Lokpal Bill was first introduced in Parliament in 1968 but cannot be passed.
7. Important Dates for Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013
• Passed in Parliament - Dec 18, 2013
• President's Assent - Jan 1, 2014
• Date of commencement - Jan 16, 2014.
8. The First State in India to establish Lokayukta was - Maharashtra in 1971.
9. The First State in India to pass Lokayukta act was - Odissa in 1970.

Status of Jammu & Kashmir

The State of Jammu and kashmir has more autonomy and power when compared with other Indian states. It is due to the historical events that happened in the 1947 followed by the instrument of accession signed between India and Jammu and Kashmir.

Historical Background

1. During the independence of India on 15 August, 1947. Jammu and Kashmir also became independent.
2. At that time the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir was Maharaja Hari Singh.
3. He wanted Jammu and Kashmir to be an Independent nation and thus decided not to join either India and Pakistan.
4. But on 20th October 1947, Azad Kashmir forces supported by the pakistan army launched its attack on the frontiers of Jammu and Kashmir.
5. At that time Jammu and Kasmir has not enough army power to resist the attack.
6. So, Maharaja Hari Singh decided to ask help from the Governor general of India Mountbattern.
7. Mountbattern accepted to help Jammu and kashmir on the condition of Instrument of accession.
8. Thus, on 26 October 1947, the Instrument of Accession was signed between Jawaharlal Nehru and Maharaja Hari sign.
9. As per the Instrument of accession the Jammu and Kashmir surrendered the following subjects to India.
• Defence, External affairs and Communications